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什么是股權代持？股權代持有哪些風險?
發布時間：2024-07-22 來源：http://www.yunjingwu.com.cn/
在沒有代持的情況下，股東要做工商登記，在國家企業信用信息公司系統（或企查查等）可以查詢到，有些股東為了規避相關風險，出于某些考慮會進行股權代持，由隱名股東出資，將顯名股東登記為股東。
In the absence of proxy holding, shareholders need to do business registration, which can be found in the National Enterprise Credit Information Company system (or Enterprise Check, etc.). Some shareholders, in order to avoid related risks, may engage in proxy holding of equity, with anonymous shareholders contributing capital and registering named shareholders as shareholders.
例如：張三想投資做股東，但出于商業安排、規避競業限制、身份等原因不方面露面。最終，與李四簽訂代持股協議，將李四登記為股東。張三算是后老板，也就是所謂的隱名股東；李四是工商登記的股東，是顯示股東。這就是張三將股權交由李四代持。
For example, Zhang San wants to invest as a shareholder, but he does not appear in public due to business arrangements, avoidance of competition restrictions, identity, and other reasons. Finally, a proxy shareholding agreement was signed with Li Si, and Li Si was registered as a shareholder. Zhang San can be considered as the rear boss, also known as a hidden shareholder; Li Si is a registered shareholder in the industrial and commercial registration, and is a listed shareholder. This is how Zhang San handed over the equity to Li Si for proxy holding.
股權代持的性質
The nature of equity proxy holding
股權代持是一種委托關系，委托人（隱名股東）可以隨時解除代持協議，要求顯名股東配合做顯名。
Proxy holding of equity is a type of entrusted relationship, in which the principal (anonymous shareholder) can terminate the proxy agreement at any time and request the cooperation of the named shareholder in making the name appear.
股權代持是否被法律認可，是否有效
Whether the equity proxy holding is legally recognized and valid
一般是有效的，如果存在違反法律法規的強制性規定、或者欺詐脅迫、或者違背公序良俗、或者惡意串通等情形可能會被認定為無效。
Generally effective, if there are mandatory provisions that violate laws and regulations, fraud and coercion, violation of public order and good customs, or malicious collusion, it may be deemed invalid.
對于違反《公務員法》中關于公務員禁止從事營利性活動的規定，目前有判例認定為有效，但是仍然存在一定的無效風險。
There are currently precedents that have recognized the violation of the provisions of the Civil Servant Law prohibiting civil servants from engaging in profit-making activities as valid, but there is still a certain risk of invalidity.
幫別人代持股權時要注意的風險及應對方法
Risks and coping strategies to be aware of when holding equity on behalf of others
1、隱名股東自行解除合同且不支付報酬
1. Anonymous shareholders voluntarily terminate the contract without paying remuneration
解決方法：要在協議中明確約定報酬支付事項和違約責任，便于后續起訴。
Solution: It is necessary to clearly stipulate the payment of remuneration and breach of contract liability in the agreement, in order to facilitate subsequent litigation.
2、隱名股東未實繳全部注冊資本，公司資不抵債，公司債權人要求顯名股東承擔還款義務；
2. The anonymous shareholder has not fully paid up the registered capital, and the company's assets are insufficient to cover its debts. The company's creditors demand that the anonymous shareholder assume the repayment obligation;
解決方法：顯名股東在簽署代持協議時注意隱名股東的注冊資本是否全部實繳，若未全部實繳，建議要求隱名股東繳納，否則需要在向債權人支付相應款項后，向隱名股東追償。
Solution: When signing the proxy agreement, the named shareholder should pay attention to whether the registered capital of the anonymous shareholder has been fully paid in. If it has not been fully paid in, it is recommended to require the anonymous shareholder to pay. Otherwise, it is necessary to recover from the anonymous shareholder after paying the corresponding amount to the creditor.
3、如代持股公司涉及司法案件，顯名股東有可能會被限制消費或成為失信人
3. If the proxy holding company is involved in a judicial case, the named shareholder may be restricted from consumption or become a dishonest person
解決方法：協議中明確一旦公司經營涉及司法案件，一切責任由隱名股東或公司實際管理者承擔。
Solution: The agreement clearly states that once the company's operations involve judicial cases, all responsibilities shall be borne by the anonymous shareholders or the actual managers of the company.
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